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Hypertonic saline application to the stomach was shown to induce more gastric damage in aging rats than in young rats. However, studies of acute ASA-induced gastric injury have found conflicting results in animals. Investigators using cold restraint-induced stress ulcerations also have reported variable results. Differing injurious agents may have variable effects in different strains of animals. Because of these differences, it is pertinent to examine some of the individual steps that are associated with prevention of gastric ulceration or accompany effective healing of such ulcers once produced. Epithelial repair after superficial injury is called restitution, a process that takes place immediately after injury and involves cell migration over the injured area. Several peptides are involved, including epidermal growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, cytokines and trefoil peptides. No studies have specifically focused on this process in the gastric mucosa of aging animals. Majumdar et al performed a series of studies to characterize differences in gastric proliferation and responses to injury in Fisher 344 rats studied between the ages of four and 24 months. This group described an increase in mucosal proliferation in the older animals accompanied by a rise in mucosal membrane tyrosine kinase activity and in other phosphotyrosine proteins, including pp60 c-src. Basal levels of the mRNA for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of EGFR-ligand transforming growth factor-alpha were higher in the gastric mucosa of older rats. The delay in epithelial restitution that occurs after 2 M sodium chloride-induced gastric injury was accompanied by impairment in the response of EGFR in aging rats compared with that in their younger counterparts. Delayed proliferation was also associated with reduced tyrosine kinase activity. A reduced proliferative response following injury in older animals has been confirmed by several other investigators, in contrast with observations showing a high rate of cell proliferation in aging rats under basal conditions. Although it is generally believed that esophageal transit and gastric emptying are affected by age, the data do not support this prejudice. The majority of studies that have suggested that motor function is deranged have included individuals with diseases that alter esophageal and gastric motility such as diabetes and neuromuscular disorders. Tertiary contraction of the esophagus is much more common in elderly persons than in young persons, yet this represents a radiological entity without physiological consequences. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs more commonly. Furthermore, achlorhydria, when it is present due to atrophic gastritis, is well known to be associated with delayed gastric emptying of solids. However, there is some suggestion that the emptying of liquids may be slightly slower because of greater relaxation of the body of the stomach. This function is known to be controlled by the vagus nerve. It should also be remembered that many elderly individuals take medications that are associated with anticholinergic actions, which may affect the emptying of both the esophagus and the stomach. For proper treatment and getting better, you can always buy your medications at Canadian Health&Care Mall. It's a reliable online pharmacy offering all the meds you may require if you have the condition mentioned above.