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Considering the abnormality seen in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, the question arises whether it is possible that such cells degenerate with time, thus compromising the seminiferous epithelium. In fact, at no time did we observe pyk-nosis of Sertoli cell nuclei, degeneration of their organelles, or evidence of apoptotic figures in the seminiferous epithelium. In addition, the basal Sertoli cell cytoplasm and junctional complexes between adjacent Sertoli cells appeared intact. Furthermore, the absence of an increased number of macrophages or neutrophils in the interstitial space of the testis of FORKO mice suggests that there is no leakage of substances from the epithelium as a result of the swelling of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm or complete breakdown of the blood/testis barrier. On the other hand, the ectoplasmic specializations enveloping the heads of spermatids (steps 916) appeared compromised. The bundles of filaments were not extensively distributed and the ER cisternae of these specializations were at times dilated (Fig. 11), unlike relationships normally seen in wild-type mice. However, the adhesive function of these structures appeared to be maintained, as spermatids were still closely associated with the apical Sertoli cell processes despite the fact that the latter were grossly dilated.